Raspberry Pi OS (Bookworm)

Basic Information

Model: Raspberry Pi OS

Version: Bookworm (based on Debian 12)

Release Date: The initial release of Raspberry Pi OS Bookworm was October 11, 2023. A significant update to the Bookworm-based OS was released on May 8, 2025.

Minimum Requirements: Raspberry Pi OS (Bookworm) has low memory requirements. The 32-bit version is compatible with all Raspberry Pi models, while the 64-bit version requires a Raspberry Pi 3 or later, or a Raspberry Pi Zero 2. Official documentation recommends a minimum of 16 GB storage for the Lite version and at least 32 GB for versions with a desktop environment.

Supported Operative Systems: Raspberry Pi OS is the operating system itself, designed to run on Raspberry Pi hardware.

Latest Stable Version: Raspberry Pi OS (Bookworm), based on Debian 12, is the current stable version. The latest Bookworm-based update was released in May 2025.

End of Support Date: Support for Raspberry Pi OS generally aligns with Debian's release cycle. The underlying Linux 6.1 LTS kernel series is maintained until December 2026. The end of life date for Raspberry Pi OS Bookworm is anticipated to be approximately one year after the release of Debian Trixie, which is expected in summer 2025.

End of Life Date: Approximately one year after the release of Debian Trixie.

Auto-Update Expiration Date: Not explicitly defined; users are advised to perform regular system updates.

License Type: Most of the source code is licensed under the BSD 3-Clause license, with some components utilizing the MIT License or GNU General Public License (GPL). Documentation is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA) license.

Deployment Model: Raspberry Pi OS is designed for single-board computers (SBCs) and is available as a free download or pre-installed on official microSD cards.

Technical Requirements

• RAM: Low memory footprint. For desktop environments, 2GB or more is recommended for a smoother experience, especially on newer models.
• Processor: ARM-based processors found in Raspberry Pi devices. The 32-bit version runs on all Raspberry Pi models, while the 64-bit version is optimized for Raspberry Pi 3, Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W, and newer models.
• Storage: Minimum 16 GB microSD card for the Lite version; 32 GB or more recommended for desktop versions to accommodate the OS and additional software.
• Display: Compatible with various display types. Raspberry Pi 4 and 5 models default to Wayland with Wayfire or labwc as the compositor. Older Raspberry Pi models utilize X11 with the Openbox window manager.
• Ports: Utilizes standard Raspberry Pi connectivity, including HDMI for display output, USB for peripherals, Ethernet for wired networking, and GPIO pins for hardware interfacing. It also supports CSI camera and DSI display ports.
• Operating System: Raspberry Pi OS (Bookworm) is the operating system itself.

Analysis of Technical Requirements

Raspberry Pi OS Bookworm is specifically tailored for Raspberry Pi hardware, offering both 32-bit and 64-bit variants to ensure broad compatibility across the diverse range of Raspberry Pi models. The architectural shift to Wayland for newer, more powerful Raspberry Pi 4 and 5 boards aims to enhance graphical performance and introduce modern desktop features. For older or less powerful models, the OS maintains compatibility by defaulting to the X11 display system, ensuring continued usability. Storage requirements are modest, making it suitable for cost-effective microSD card deployments, with recommendations scaling up for desktop-intensive use cases.

Support & Compatibility

• Latest Version: Raspberry Pi OS (Bookworm), based on Debian 12, with the latest Bookworm-based update released in May 2025.
• OS Support: Compatible with all Raspberry Pi models, excluding the Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller. The 32-bit version supports all compatible models, while the 64-bit version supports Raspberry Pi 3, Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W, Raspberry Pi 4, Raspberry Pi 400, and Raspberry Pi 5.
• End of Support Date: The end of support is projected for approximately one year after the release of Debian Trixie (expected summer 2025). The Linux 6.1 LTS kernel series, which powers Bookworm, is supported until December 2026.
• Localization: Available in 23 languages.
• Available Drivers: Includes a comprehensive set of drivers and optimizations specifically designed for Raspberry Pi hardware, ensuring out-of-the-box functionality for components like CSI cameras.

Analysis of Overall Support & Compatibility Status

Raspberry Pi OS Bookworm demonstrates strong support and compatibility across the Raspberry Pi ecosystem, ensuring that most existing Raspberry Pi users can upgrade. The operating system is regularly updated, with a recent release in May 2025 providing further enhancements. The transition to Wayland and PipeWire represents a forward-looking approach, leveraging modern display and audio technologies. While this benefits newer hardware, the OS maintains compatibility with older models by retaining X11. Users of 32-bit RealVNC on older Raspberry Pi models might experience compatibility issues, suggesting a need for alternative remote desktop solutions or a temporary reliance on older OS versions. A "legacy" branch based on the previous Bullseye release is also available for continued support of older software.

Security Status

• Security Features: Incorporates enhanced screen locking via an updated Swaylock application with improved user feedback, refined auto-login options allowing separate console and desktop settings, and optimized ad blocking through uBlock Origin Lite in the Chromium browser. It also benefits from kernel updates (Linux Kernel 6.12) and Wayland's inherent application isolation.
• Known Vulnerabilities: Specific known vulnerabilities for Bookworm are not detailed in the provided information, but general Linux security practices are critical.
• Blacklist Status: Not applicable for the operating system itself.
• Certifications: No specific security certifications are mentioned for the OS.
• Encryption Support: Supports root filesystem encryption (LUKS) which requires a passphrase at boot. Hardware-based encryption is achievable with compatible modules like Zymbit HSM. VeraCrypt is also available for Debian 12 Bookworm.
• Authentication Methods: Supports password-based authentication and strongly recommends SSH key-based authentication for remote access. New installations no longer default to the 'pi' user with a known password.
• General Recommendations: Disable console auto-login, consistently use the screen lock feature, review and enhance web browser ad-blocking, keep the kernel and system updated, avoid using the default 'pi' user, implement strong and unique passwords, configure SSH with key-based authentication, and install a firewall (e.g., UFW).

Analysis on the Overall Security Rating

Raspberry Pi OS Bookworm demonstrates a proactive approach to security by implementing several key enhancements, particularly in local access control. The improved screen locking and granular auto-login settings address common physical access vulnerabilities. The adoption of Wayland inherently provides a more secure environment through application isolation. While specific certifications are not listed, adherence to Debian's security patching and the inclusion of tools like uBlock Origin Lite contribute to a safer browsing experience. Robust encryption options for the root filesystem are available, and the shift away from default 'pi' user credentials in new installations significantly improves baseline security. Overall, the security posture is strong, provided users follow recommended best practices for configuration and regular updates.

Performance & Benchmarks

• Benchmark Scores: Specific benchmark scores are not provided in the available data.
• Real-World Performance Metrics: The transition to Wayland is intended to improve performance, offering a more functional and potentially faster desktop experience, especially on Raspberry Pi 4 and 5. PipeWire, replacing PulseAudio, aims to reduce audio latency. User feedback is mixed; some report improved fluidity and reduced GUI lag, particularly on newer models. However, other users on Raspberry Pi 4 have reported increased boot times, occasional mouse freezes, and slower performance for applications like LibreOffice and the Arduino IDE compared to previous OS versions. Video playback, particularly for full-screen web videos, has been noted as jerky by some users.
• Power Consumption: Not explicitly detailed, but Wayland's efficiency improvements may contribute to optimized power usage.
• Carbon Footprint: Not explicitly detailed.
• Comparison with Similar Assets: Bookworm represents a significant architectural evolution from its predecessor, Raspberry Pi OS Bullseye, primarily through the adoption of Wayland and PipeWire. While these changes aim for modern performance and security, initial user experiences suggest a varied impact depending on the Raspberry Pi model and specific application workloads.

Analysis of Overall Performance Status

Raspberry Pi OS Bookworm introduces substantial under-the-hood changes, most notably the shift to Wayland as the default display server for Raspberry Pi 4 and 5, and PipeWire for audio management. These changes are designed to deliver performance benefits, including a smoother graphical user interface and reduced audio latency. While newer Raspberry Pi models generally benefit from these optimizations, some users on older hardware (e.g., Raspberry Pi 4) have reported performance regressions in specific scenarios, such as longer boot times and slower application responsiveness. The overall performance status is in a state of continuous refinement, with ongoing efforts to optimize the Wayland experience across all supported Raspberry Pi models.

User Reviews & Feedback

User feedback on Raspberry Pi OS Bookworm highlights several key aspects:

• Strengths: Users appreciate the enhanced screen locking and refined auto-login options for improved local security. The transition to Wayland is noted for its potential performance and security benefits, particularly on Raspberry Pi 4 and 5, with some users observing a more fluid and less laggy GUI. The inclusion of PipeWire for audio management and NetworkManager for network configuration are seen as positive modernizations. The availability of Firefox as an alternative browser with Widevine DRM support for streaming services is also a welcome addition. Improved touchscreen support and a new Printers app enhance usability.
• Weaknesses: Some users, particularly those on Raspberry Pi 4, have reported performance issues, including significantly longer boot times, occasional mouse freezes, and slower performance for certain applications like LibreOffice and the Arduino IDE when compared to previous OS versions. Video playback, especially full-screen web videos, has been described as jerky. The replacement of the full-featured uBlock Origin with uBlock Origin Lite in Chromium due to Manifest V2 changes is a point of concern for some users prioritizing comprehensive ad blocking. Compatibility issues with 32-bit RealVNC on older Raspberry Pi models have also been noted.
• Recommended Use Cases: Bookworm remains suitable for a wide range of applications, including general-purpose desktop use, embedded systems, hobbyist projects, and development. It handles basic tasks like writing, web browsing, and audio editing well. Users have also reported good performance for media center applications like Kodi.

Summary

Raspberry Pi OS (Bookworm) represents a significant evolution in the operating system for Raspberry Pi single-board computers, built upon Debian 12. Its primary strengths lie in its modern architectural shifts, including the adoption of Wayland for display management (on Pi 4 and 5) and PipeWire for audio. These changes aim to deliver enhanced performance, improved security through application isolation, and a more contemporary user experience. The OS offers broad compatibility across most Raspberry Pi models, provides robust security features like enhanced screen locking and root filesystem encryption, and supports a wide array of languages. Regular updates ensure ongoing improvements and security patches.

However, the transition has not been without challenges. Some users on older Raspberry Pi 4 hardware have reported performance regressions, such as increased boot times and slower responsiveness for certain desktop applications, indicating that the benefits of Wayland may be more pronounced on newer, more powerful models. Compatibility issues with specific legacy software or remote access tools (e.g., 32-bit RealVNC on older Pis) also exist. The change in default ad-blocking in Chromium to a lighter version might also be a point of consideration for some users.

Overall, Raspberry Pi OS (Bookworm) is a forward-looking operating system that brings modern capabilities and security enhancements to the Raspberry Pi platform. It is highly recommended for users with Raspberry Pi 4 and 5 models seeking the latest features and performance. For users with older Raspberry Pi models or those heavily reliant on specific legacy software, careful consideration of potential performance impacts and compatibility issues is advised. Adhering to security best practices, such as disabling default user accounts, using strong passwords, and enabling SSH key authentication, is crucial for maintaining a secure environment.

The information provided is based on publicly available data and may vary depending on specific device configurations. For up-to-date information, please consult official manufacturer resources.